Difference between revisions of "Malunggay Moringa Oleifera"

However, the extract could not inhibit the proliferation of Wehi164 cell line significantly at similar concentrations, unless they are higher than 400 μg/ml. These results showed that A. ascalonicum inhibited the proliferation of all cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. K562 and Jurkat cells showed the highest susceptibility (GI50: 100μg/ml), and Wehi164 cells displayed the lowest susceptibility to A. ascalonicum with GI50 at 400μg/ml.

However, the extract could not inhibit the proliferation of Wehi164 cell line significantly at similar concentrations, unless they are higher than 400 μg/ml. These results showed that A. ascalonicum inhibited the proliferation of all cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. K562 and Jurkat cells showed the highest susceptibility (GI50: 100μg/ml), and Wehi164 cells displayed the lowest susceptibility to A. ascalonicum with GI50 at 400μg/ml.

Ethanol (95 per cent) extract of onion, administered to cats and rats at dose of 50mg/kg, produced weak activity on Sarcoma III (MKT). Essential oil applied externally on female mice at a dose of 1mg/animal has been reported to be effective against carcinoma induced by twice weekly 12-O tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate promotion for two weeks, followed by mezerein promotion for 18 weeks (Fulda, 2008 cited in Nath, 2010). The dose, when given with a second promoter, produced a 32 per cent decrease in incidence of papiloma in 7,12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene(DMBA)-induced carcinogenesis. Hot water extract of fresh bulb applied externally on mice was active against DMBA-induced carcinogenesis.

Ethanol (95 per cent) extract of onion, administered to cats and rats at dose of 50mg/kg, produced weak activity on Sarcoma III (MKT). Essential oil applied externally on female mice at a dose of 1mg/animal has been reported to be effective against carcinoma induced by twice weekly 12-O tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate promotion for two weeks, followed by mezerein promotion for 18 weeks (Fulda, 2008 cited in Nath, 2010). The dose, when given with a second promoter, produced a 32 per cent decrease in incidence of papiloma in 7,12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene(DMBA)-induced carcinogenesis. Hot water extract of fresh bulb applied externally on mice was active against DMBA-induced carcinogenesis.

Iwu said the products have been validated by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA); the National Agency for Food Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC); the Nigerian Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Abuja; the Nigerian Export Promotion Council; the Raw Material Council; and the Federal Institute of Industrial Research (FIIRO), Lagos, for prevention and management chronic diseases.

Iwu said the products have been validated by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA); the National Agency for Food Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC); the Nigerian Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Abuja; the Nigerian Export Promotion Council; the Raw Material Council; and the Federal Institute of Industrial Research (FIIRO), Lagos, for prevention and management chronic diseases.

The bulb is used in ethnomedicine to treat fever, coughs, asthma, dilated bronchi, and flatulence, as an anthelmintic, antibiotic, diuretic, antimicrobials, blood tonic, and emmenagogue. When garlic oil was topically applied during the initiation phase of benzo (a) pyrene (BP) induced carcinogenesis in mice, a decline was noted in the incidence and multiplicity of tumours. Oral administration of fresh water extract of garlic was shown to result in reduction of chemically induced cervical carcinomas in mice. Garlic treatment inhibited development of murine transitional cell carcinomas significantly. Sengupta et. al (2002) observed that fresh garlic juice administered orally can prevent development of azoxymethane (AOM) induced aberrant crypt foci and adenocarcinoma in rat colon.

The bulb is used in ethnomedicine to treat fever, coughs, asthma, dilated bronchi, and flatulence, as an anthelmintic, antibiotic, diuretic, antimicrobials, blood tonic, and emmenagogue. When garlic oil was topically applied during the initiation phase of benzo (a) pyrene (BP) induced carcinogenesis in mice, a decline was noted in the incidence and multiplicity of tumours. Oral administration of fresh water extract of garlic was shown to result in reduction of chemically induced cervical carcinomas in mice. Garlic treatment inhibited development of murine transitional cell carcinomas significantly. Sengupta et. al (2002) observed that fresh garlic juice administered orally can prevent development of azoxymethane (AOM) induced aberrant crypt foci and adenocarcinoma in rat colon.

Phytochemical analysis of fraction F4 by HPTLC and NMR indicated presence of activity that resembled Bryophyllin A. The study demonstrates presence of anticancer and anti-HPV activity in B. pinnata leaves that can be further exploited as potential anticancer, anti-HPV therapeutic for treatment of HPV infection and cervical cancer.

Phytochemical analysis of fraction F4 by HPTLC and NMR indicated presence of activity that resembled Bryophyllin A. The study demonstrates presence of anticancer and anti-HPV activity in B. pinnata leaves that can be further exploited as potential anticancer, anti-HPV therapeutic for treatment of HPV infection and cervical cancer.

Yedjou et. Al (2008) assessed the therapeutic efficacy of Vernonia amygdalina (VA) leaf extracts as anti-cancer agent against human breast cancer in vitro using the MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assays, respectively. In this experiment, human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells were treated with different doses of VA leaf extracts for 48 hours.

Yedjou et. Al (2008) assessed the therapeutic efficacy of Vernonia amygdalina (VA) leaf extracts as anti-cancer agent against human breast cancer in vitro using the MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assays, respectively. In this experiment, human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells were treated with different doses of VA leaf extracts for 48 hours.

Data obtained from the MTT assay showed that VA significantly ((P < 0.05) reduced the viability of MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner upon 48 hours of exposure. Data generated from the comet assay also indicated a slight dose-dependent increase in DNA damage in MCF-7 cells associated with VA treatment. A slight increase in comet tail-length, tail arm and tail moment, as well as in percentages of DNA cleavage at all doses tested, showed an evidence that VA-induced minimal genotoxic damage in MCF-7 cells. Taken together, this suggests that VA treatment moderately (P < 0.05) reduces cellular viability and induces minimal DNA damage in MCF-7 cells. These findings provide evidence that VA extracts represent a DNA-damaging anti-cancer agent against breast cancer and its mechanisms of action functions, at least in part, through minimal DNA damage and moderate toxicity in tumors cells.

Data obtained from the MTT assay showed that VA significantly ((P < 0.05) reduced the viability of MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner upon 48 hours of exposure. Data generated from the comet assay also indicated a slight dose-dependent increase in DNA damage in MCF-7 cells associated with VA treatment. A slight increase in comet tail-length, tail arm and tail moment, as well as in percentages of DNA cleavage at all doses tested, showed an evidence that VA-induced minimal genotoxic damage in MCF-7 cells. Taken together, this suggests that VA treatment moderately (P < 0.05) reduces cellular viability and induces minimal DNA damage in MCF-7 cells. These findings provide evidence that VA extracts represent a DNA-damaging anti-cancer agent against breast cancer and its mechanisms of action functions, at least in part, through minimal DNA damage and moderate toxicity in tumors cells.

Hamizah et. Al (2012) evaluated the chemopreventive effects of ethanolic extracts of leaves of A. muricata (AMLE) in six to seven week old ICR mouse given a single topical application of 7,1 2-dimethylbenza (α) anthracene (DMBA 100μg/100μl acetone) and promotion by repeated application of croton oil (1 per cent in acetone/twice a week) for 10 weeks.

Hamizah et. Al (2012) evaluated the chemopreventive effects of ethanolic extracts of leaves of A. muricata (AMLE) in six to seven week old ICR mouse given a single topical application of 7,1 2-dimethylbenza (α) anthracene (DMBA 100μg/100μl acetone) and promotion by repeated application of croton oil (1 per cent in acetone/twice a week) for 10 weeks.

Morphological tumor incidence burden and volume were measured, with histological evaluation of skin tissue. Topical application of AMLE at 30, 100 and 300mg/kg significantly reduced DMBA/croton oil induced mice skin papilloma genesis in (i) peri-initiation protocol (AMLE from seven days prior to days after DMBA), (ii) promotion protocol (AMLE 30 minutes after croton oil), or (iii) both peri-initiation and promotion protocol (AMLE seven days prior to seven day after DMBA and AMLE 30 minutes after croton oil throughout the experimental period), in a dose dependent manner (p<0.05) as compared to carcinogen–treated control. Furthermore, the average latent period was significantly increased in the AMLE-treated group.

Morphological tumor incidence burden and volume were measured, with histological evaluation of skin tissue. Topical application of AMLE at 30, 100 and 300mg/kg significantly reduced DMBA/croton oil induced mice skin papilloma genesis in (i) peri-initiation protocol (AMLE from seven days prior to days after DMBA), (ii) promotion protocol (AMLE 30 minutes after croton oil), or (iii) both peri-initiation and promotion protocol (AMLE seven days prior to seven day after DMBA and AMLE 30 minutes after croton oil throughout the experimental period), in a dose dependent manner (p<0.05) as compared to carcinogen–treated control. Furthermore, the average latent period was significantly increased in the AMLE-treated group.

Interestingly, at 100 and 300-mg/ kg, AMLE completely inhibited the tumor development in all stages.

Interestingly, at 100 and 300-mg/ kg, AMLE completely inhibited the tumor development in all stages.

The results showed that ethanol extracts has an IC50 value of 17.149μg/mL. Fraction F3 has the best cytotoxic activity with IC50 value of 30.112μg/mL. Apoptosis assay results showed that the fraction F3 was able to induce apoptosis of cells.

The results showed that ethanol extracts has an IC50 value of 17.149μg/mL. Fraction F3 has the best cytotoxic activity with IC50 value of 30.112μg/mL. Apoptosis assay results showed that the fraction F3 was able to induce apoptosis of cells.

The root bark is recommended for the treatment of cancer of the uterus. The extract has been tested against melanoma cells (a tumour of pigmented skin cells, which can develop into malignant melanoma-the potentially fatal form of skin cancer). The extract inhibited the growth of cultured melanoma cells to a significant degree. The extract of stem bark and fruit are reported for their cytotoxic activities and showed promising results in treating melanoma and renal carcinoma.

The root bark is recommended for the treatment of cancer of the uterus. The extract has been tested against melanoma cells (a tumour of pigmented skin cells, which can develop into malignant melanoma-the potentially fatal form of skin cancer). The extract inhibited the growth of cultured melanoma cells to a significant degree. The extract of stem bark and fruit are reported for their cytotoxic activities and showed promising results in treating melanoma and renal carcinoma.

Noratto et al. (2010) compared the anticancer properties of polyphenolic extracts from several mango varieties (Francis, Kent, Ataulfo, Tommy Atkins and Hadin) in cancer lines, including Molt-4 leukemia, A-549 lung, MDA-MB-231 breast, LnCap prostate, and SW-480 colon cancer cells and non-cancer colon cell line CCD-18Co.

Noratto et al. (2010) compared the anticancer properties of polyphenolic extracts from several mango varieties (Francis, Kent, Ataulfo, Tommy Atkins and Hadin) in cancer lines, including Molt-4 leukemia, A-549 lung, MDA-MB-231 breast, LnCap prostate, and SW-480 colon cancer cells and non-cancer colon cell line CCD-18Co.