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Herbal Remedies and Medicinal Cures for Diseases, Ailments & Illnesses that afflict Humans and Animals
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Valerian Leaves

Dietary supplement is a product that contains vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanicals, amino acids, enzymes, and/or other ingredients intended to supplement the diet. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has special labeling requirements for dietary supplements and treats them as foods, not drugs.

Manufacturers and distributors of dietary supplements and dietary ingredients are prohibited from marketing products that are adulterated or misbranded. That means that these firms are responsible for evaluating the safety and labeling of their products before marketing to ensure that they meet all the requirements of DSHEA and FDA regulations.

Valerian Flowers

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Dandelion Root Products The leaves and roots of the dandelion, or the whole plant, are used fresh or dried in teas, capsules, or extracts. Try the Dandelion Way
Hoodia Kalahari Bushmen have traditionally eaten hoodia stems to reduce their hunger and thirst during long hunts. Alternative way to loose weight!
Immune System Supplements Astragalus root is used to support and enhance the immune system. Astragalus has also been used for heart disease. Herbal Alternative Health

Valerian Red Spur

Valerian

The medicinal herb Valerian as an alternative herbal remedy for headaches and depression - Valerian is a plant native to Europe and Asia; it is also found in North America.Common Names--valerian, all-heal, garden heliotrope

Latin Names--Valeriana officinalis

What Valerian Is Used For

Valerian has long been used for sleep disorders and anxiety.
Valerian has also been used for other conditions, such as headaches, depression, irregular heartbeat, and trembling.

Herbal Remedy Products with Valerian as part of the ingredients

SerenitePlus™ - Herbal remedy to promote sustained peaceful, restful nights - now with valerian, melatonin & 5-HTP
- Supports healthy levels of melatonin and 5-HTP — two nutrients needed for night-time peacefulness and rest
- Supports a peaceful night and a refreshing start to your day
- Assists with occasional restlessness at night
- Maintains night-time harmony naturally
- Maintains a healthy sleep pattern

Serenite-LT™ - Herbal remedy to promote healthy sleep patterns for restful nights & refreshed mornings
- Supports ongoing sleep health, naturally
- Maintains a healthy sleep cycle and regular deep, satisfying sleep
- Supports emotional well-being and a positive outlook
- Maintains a healthy balance of serotonin levels

Valerian root has a long and illustrious history and appears in recorded writings from ancient Greece and Rome. It’s well-known for its soothing and calming properties and for its ability to encourage peaceful slumber. Research suggests that natural chemicals found in valerian act on GABA receptors in the brain. Due to its long history of use, valerian has been well-studied. There are also many scientific studies which support its benefits. Marder M, Viola H, Wasowski C, Fernández S, Medina JH, Paladini AC (2003). "6-methylapigenin and hesperidin: new valeriana flavonoids with activity on the CNS". Pharmacol Biochem Behav 75 (3): 537–45. ; Fernández S, Wasowski C, Paladini AC, Marder M (2004). "Sedative and sleep-enhancing properties of linarin, a flavonoid-isolated from Valeriana officinalis.". Pharmacol Biochem Behav 77 (2): 399–404.. Holzl J, Godau P. (1989). "Receptor binding studies with Valeriana officinalis on the benzodiazepine receptor.". Planta Medica 55: 642. doi:10.1055/s-2006-962221. ; Mennini T, Bernasconi P, et al. (1993). "In vitro study in the interaction of extracts and pure compounds from Valerian officinalis roots with GABA, benzodiazepine and barbiturate receptors". Fitoterapia 64: 291–300.

How Valerian Is Used

The roots and rhizomes (underground stems) of valerian are typically used to make supplements, including capsules, tablets, and liquid extracts, as well as teas.

What the Science Says about Valerian

Research suggests that valerian may be helpful for insomnia, but there is not enough evidence from well-designed studies to confirm this.
There is not enough scientific evidence to determine whether valerian works for anxiety or for other conditions, such as depression and headaches.
NCCAM is funding a study to look at the effects of valerian on sleep in healthy older adults and in people with Parkinson's disease.

Side Effects and Cautions of Valerian

Studies suggest that valerian is generally safe to use for short periods of time (for example, 4 to 6 weeks).
No information is available about the long-term safety of valerian.
Valerian can cause mild side effects, such as headaches, dizziness, upset stomach, and tiredness the morning after its use.
Tell your health care providers about any herb or dietary supplement you are using, including valerian. This helps to ensure safe and coordinated care.

News About Valerian

Benefits of Valerian Root

Source:http://youqueen.com/life/health/benefits-of-valerian-root/

(Jessica,YouQueen)

Valerian is a very beneficial herb used in many herbal supplements that produce sedative effects. If you have never taken valerian root in any form, you should give it a chance, for it is a valid alternative to chemical anxiolytics and relaxants. Check below to discover the most significant health and mind benefits of valerian root.

Valerian Root Helps Beat Insomnia

One of the first and most important benefits of valerian root consists in fighting insomnia.

Valerian root is widely known for its calmative effects and is largely used to treat sleeping disorders. It has anxiolytic and tranquilizing properties, and sleep-inducing and calming effects on the nervous system.

Valerian root is therefore very efficient in reducing sleeplessness and helping people who have to deal with restless nights and insomnia. It fights anxiety and nervousness, and lowers heart rate, relieving hypertension and tachycardia.

Owing to its sedative properties, valerian root is also useful in alleviating nervous disorders, such as panic attacks, depression, hysteria, excitability and others.

Valerian root contains a number of active constituents, including valerenic acid and various valepotriates, which are responsible for its sedative effects. It seems that these compounds are able to increase the effect of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), an amino-acid naturally produced in the brain, which has tranquilizing and mood-improving effects.

Valerian root seems to affect also the autonomic nervous system and relax tensed muscles.

Unlike other prescribed sleeping drugs, valerian root has just a few side effects and is not addictive. It also doesn’t cause morning drowsiness and grogginess, or sleepiness during the day.

Valerian Root Acts Also as an Efficient Pain Reliever

Apart from sleeping disorders, valerian root can be very useful in treating a variety of other ailments as well.

Valerian root acts as a natural muscle relaxant and is very effective in reducing pain. It also tranquilizes the nervous system, which in turn aids in alleviating different types of aches. Valerian root therefore helps getting rid of headaches and migraines, reduces menstrual cramps and muscle spasms, and relieves arthritis and other pains.

Owing to its muscle-relaxing properties, valerian root is also known to reduce stress-related digestive problems, by calming the digestive tract muscles. It is efficient in easing the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), flatulence, bloating, intestinal colic and other disorders caused by nervous tension.

Tips on Using Valerian Root Remedies

Valerian root is available in various forms, including capsules, tinctures, powder and dried extract for making tea.

The valerian root dosage depends on the ailment, and can vary from person to person. High doses can, however, produce negative effects, which goes for every herb and medicine. It does not always have an immediate effect, but recommended doses should never be altered.

Dosages of crude valerian root may vary from 2–10 grams per day, while standardized root extract can range from 200 to 600 mg. It is highly recommendable to consult your physician before deciding on the amount of valerian root to take.

Valerian root can be found in both standardized and unstandardized forms. It is always preferable to choose standardized products, which contain 0.8% valerenic or valeric acid. Make sure also that the product you are buying is 100% valerian, without substitutes or additional ingredients.

Caution:

Always carefully read the product label and follow the directions written on it. Speak to your doctor if you are taking other medicines or herbal and dietary supplements, because valerian root may interact with them. Also if you have a specific medical condition, consult your doctor before using valerian root.

Have you ever experienced some of the above mentioned benefits of the valerian root? If yes, leave a comment and let us know.

What are the benefits of valerian?

Source:http://www.mariefranceasia.com/health/natural-healing/decouvrez-les-vertus-de-la-valeriane-90333.html

By Lindsay POUI-DI

Graceful, with its small flowers grouped in bouquets, this plant has relaxing virtues that have been known for millennia.

To stop smoking

With it, weaning yourself off cigarettes is much more serene. It comes as additional help from nicotine substitutes and stimulates the self-gratification. It is ideal for fighting nervousness, as it prevents mood changes, palpitations due to withdrawal, and the food compulsions that lead to weight gain.

To fall asleep smoothly

Its underground stem and roots contain active ingredients that act as natural sleeping aids. They are capable of erasing the light and moderate insomnia, especially during periods of stress, and improve the quality of the light and paradoxical sleep. The valerian does not fight against the night-awakenings. On the other hand, it fights the very annoying restless legs syndrome. Its effects are not immediate. They become perceptible only after two to four weeks of continuous use (2 capsules of 100 mg in the morning and evening). Thus, it is necessary to persist.

An antispasmodic effective painkiller

It limits premenstrual pains, as well as the irritability and tiredness that precede or often accompany periods. Laboratory experiences have shown that valerian extract inhibits in vitro the contraction of the uterine muscles. Consumed in the form of herb tea, it also soothes migraines, stomach pains and intestinal cramps.

An ally against anxiety

While the grass of Saint-Georges, the other name of the valerian, excites felines, it calms the human beings. “The acid of valerian acts on intellectual receptors (GABA) involved in the regulation of the anxious disorders”, explains Dr Franck Gigon, medical herbalist. To reduce anxiety, it is used with the balm or the hop (2 to 3 cups of herb teas a day).

If the valerian is especially known for its effects on sleep, stress and insomnia, it is also effective to stop smoking.

DECOCTION OF THE VALERIAN

We can benefit from the valerian in the form of dry extract, conditioned in capsules. For those who are not averse to its very acquired taste, it is also effective in herb tea: pour a tablespoon of dried roots into 250 ml of cold water. Bring to the boil for 5 minutes, then cover for 10 minutes before filtering and drinking. To combat insomnia, drink a cup 30 minutes before sleeping. For anxiety, drink 2 to 3 cups a day. Valerian grows as well in the shade as in the sun. It is a good way to save money and to have it always at hand.

Health Benefits of Valerian

Source:http://www.motherearthliving.com/in-the-garden/health-benefits-of-valerian-ze0z1607zfis.aspx

By Elizabeth Millard

Valerian can be reliever for those plagued by stress, anxiety, and depression, works as a sedative for insomnia, and can even be a perfume.

Many common, easy-to-grow herbs and plants have beneficial properties. Ground basil can be added to toothpaste for fresher breath. Mullein flowers in olive oil can treat chapped lips. Raspberry leaves soothe sunburn. Homegrown plants like these can improve everyday wellness, and by growing them you can become more self-sufficient and take charge of aspects of your health. Backyard Pharmacy by Elizabeth Millard gives detailed information for the best plants to grow in your garden, or even indoors, to treat daily ailments. Complete with color photographs of the herbs, this book provides an overview of preparation methods, growing needs, harvesting tips, storage, and scientific research about each plant. With this as your guide, you can truly turn your yard or garden into a pharmacy. Valeriana officinalis

One of the best-known herbal sedatives, valerian was used during both World War I and World War II to treat battle-related stress. Before that, the perennial flowering plant was used to make perfume extracts in the 16th century, and was favored in ancient Greece for treating ailments of the urinary tract, liver, and digestive system. Valerian was once used as a spice, and its roots added to stews or softened enough to be added to salads. Although it’s not consumed much (if ever) in the US as an edible, the herb continues to be added to dishes in other parts of the world. In addition to medicinal and culinary uses, valerian was once thought to bring squabbling couples back together, and acted as a major ingredient in love spells.

Valerian is the ultimate chill-out herb, and has been noted as one of the most effective plants for lowering blood pressure. As with many herbs, valerian shouldn’t be taken indefinitely; instead, use for a couple weeks, then take a week off from the herb before resuming use.

Here are a few ideas for your Rx/medicinal preparations:

• For a general calming effect, make a tonic wine by using about 2 ounces of the dried root; crush and add to 1 cup of dry white wine, then steep for a month, gently shaking occasionally. Use up to three times daily or as needed.

• To relieve PMS symptoms or assist with insomnia, create an infusion by crushing a teaspoon of fresh valerian root and soaking in a cup of room-temperature water for at least twelve hours. Strain, and then drink a small cup in the evening.

• To create a compress for drawing out a splinter or bee stinger, make the infusion double strength and soak a clean cloth in the liquid, and then apply to the affected area.

A towering perennial, valerian can grow to about 5 feet tall and often sports white flowers that provide a happy space for bees and butterflies. Because of that, it’s advisable to plant near vegetables and fruits that can benefit from pollinators, such as melons, tomatoes, or cucumbers. Its robust size also makes a nice backdrop to an ornamental landscape, and it trellises well on fencing.

Varieties

The standard variety of valerian is called simply “common valerian,” or “official valerian” in reference to its botanical name. This type is native to Europe and temperate parts of Asia, and is remarkably hardy, down to -20 degrees Fahrenheit. Although other varieties are sometimes mentioned, finding seeds for these is difficult, and it’s much easier to secure the familiar, well-known variety.

Plant

Although valerian can be grown from seed, germination can be tricky, so it’s best grown through root division. Dig up a small amount of an existing plant, leaving the majority of the roots in place, and transplant into a your garden space after loosening the soil. Place transplants into the soil carefully, and water thoroughly to help reduce shock. Mulch around the roots to assist with moisture control.

If you prefer to give seeding a try, start the seeds indoors in a small container (about 2 inches or so) first, which will keep the roots warmer, aiding in germination. Cover with a very thin layer of vermiculite, a silicate that’s fluffy and pebble-shaped. It helps to promote fast root growth, anchor young roots, boost moisture retention, and assist germination. Look for horticultural vermiculite, as opposed to other types that are used for shipping chemicals or enriching concrete. In the case of valerian, it helps to let light in for the seeds, but still protects the top layer of the soil during the germination process.

As the plant grows larger, transfer to a larger container (at least 6 inches deep) so the roots can establish more firmly. Transplant outside in early spring, after the last frost.

Use valerian seeds as soon as you can; they don’t store for long and germination suffers if you’re using seeds that are left over from the previous season.

Grow

Once valerian is established, maintenance is minimal. It’s best to mulch around the roots each spring and autumn so that roots are well protected.

Keep in mind that cats love valerian, usually as much as catnip, and some ancient herbalists would gauge a plant’s potency based on how eager cats were to destroy it. If kitties are becoming an issue, consider some fencing or netting, but in general, if your cats are rolling in the valerian, it means you have a good crop.

Harvest and Store

Although valerian leaves can be dried and used, the part of the plant most commonly used is its potent roots. Wait till after the plant’s flowering and summer stages and harvest part of the roots in late autumn of its second year, once the greens have died back and the plant’s energy is going into the roots to prepare for winter. Be sure to leave enough roots to keep the plant healthy for the next season—that’s not too difficult since even a small amount of the roots can be potent, and it only takes about a teaspoon of ground roots to make an infusion.

During the autumn, you can use fresh roots, as long as they’re thoroughly washed and allowed to dry. For preparations during the winter, let the roots dry in a well-ventilated area and store in an airtight glass jar in a cool, dark place.

One important note: valerian root has a very distinct aroma, which I tend to equate with dirty feet. Be prepared. If the smell bothers you too much while drinking tea, you can also get valerian’s benefits by putting some powdered root into empty gelatin capsules, available at co-ops, online, or some drug stores.

You can also dry the leaves to use as a tea for relaxation and insomnia. They aren’t as potent as the root, but they’re also much less stinky.

Valerian may aid menopausal sleep problems: study

Source:http://www.reuters.com/article/us-valerian-menopausal-idUSTRE77T3HH20110830

By Amy Norton (NEW YORK)

(Reuters Health) - The popular herbal sleep aid valerian could help ease some of the sleep problems that can come with menopause, a small study suggests.

Valerian root has been used since ancient Greek and Roman times for various health problems, including insomnia. Modern science is split on whether the herb works: some studies have indicated that it can ease insomnia, but few rigorous clinical trials have put valerian to the test.

For the new study, researchers in Iran randomly assigned 100 postmenopausal women with insomnia to take either two valerian capsules or inactive placebo capsules every day for a month.

That type of clinical trial -- in which neither researchers nor participants know who is taking the real treatment or the placebo -- is considered the "gold standard" of medical evidence.

Overall, the study found, 30 percent of the women assigned to valerian reported an improvement in their sleep quality -- which includes factors like how long it takes to fall asleep at night and how often a person wakes up overnight.

In contrast, only four percent of women taking the placebo reported better sleep.

Simin Taavoni and colleagues at Tehran University report the findings in the journal Menopause.

Sleep problems tend to become more common as people age, with studies suggesting that about half of older adults have insomnia symptoms, such as trouble falling asleep or staying asleep.

For women, menopausal hot flashes and night sweats can add to sleep problems.

The current findings are "encouraging," according to Dr. Jerome Sarris of the University of Melbourne in Australia, who was not involved in the study but has researched herbal approaches to treating insomnia, anxiety and depression.

And for women with sleep problems who are interested in valerian, "there is no harm in trying it," Sarris told Reuters Health in an email.

Women in this study reported no side effects, according to Taavoni's team. And in general studies suggest that any side effects from the herb are mild, like headache or upset stomach.

Valerian is also fairly cheap, with 100 capsules generally costing less than $10.

On the other hand, there's no research on the safety of long-term use, according to the U.S. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.

And despite the positive findings in the current study, there are still questions about valerian's effectiveness. In a recent review of clinical trials on alternative remedies for insomnia, Sarris and his colleagues found only weak evidence that valerian -- or other herbs -- work.

There was better evidence in support of yoga, tai chi and acupressure.

Lifestyle changes like cutting down on caffeine and getting regular exercise (but not too close to bedtime) are often recommended for insomnia. When those don't work, the mainstream medical fixes include prescription medications and cognitive behavioral therapy.

According to Sarris, future studies should look at valerian's effects on other measures of sleep -- like the total amount of time that people taking the herb are able to stay asleep and their daytime functioning.

Women in the current study took two valerian capsules a day, each containing 530 milligrams of valerian root extract. Both the valerian and placebo capsules they used were made specifically for the study.

One question that arises when taking valerian is whether you are actually getting the amount listed on the product label.

A recent report by ConsumerLab.com, an independent testing company, found that of nine valerian supplements sold in the U.S., five had lower amounts of the herb than indicated on the packaging. That included one product with no valerian in it at all.

In the U.S., valerian and other medicinal herbs are considered dietary supplements, and not regulated in the same way as drugs.

Valerian has an ancient reputation for sleep

Source:http://www.irishtimes.com/news/health/valerian-has-an-ancient-reputation-for-sleep-1.1217886

(The Irish Times)

DOES IT WORK? Valerian and sleep disorders

VALERIAN IS one of the world's top-selling herbal remedies. This is surprising given how bad it smells. Its odour has been compared to that of socks badly in need of washing or a sharp cheese that starving mice would avoid.

Nonetheless, valerian has been recommended since ancient Greek and Roman times for sleeping difficulties.

The root and rhizome (underground stem) are soaked in either alcohol or water to give an extract. Traditional herbalists recommend using the alcohol extract (or tincture).

However, most products are available as tablets made from dried extracts. The composition of the extracts has been shown to vary widely depending on how they are made.

Evidence from studies

A recent systematic review of valerian research found 37 studies. However, much variation existed in how these studies were conducted, which makes overall recommendations difficult. The most recent and highest quality studies were conducted on tablets made from alcohol extracts.

Studies comparing valerian with a placebo found it no better at speeding up how quickly people fell asleep or for improving sleep quality. However, three studies compared valerian with benzodiazepines (sleeping pills from the same group as Valium). These showed that valerian was as effective as the pharmaceutical drugs.

Studies testing water extracts of valerian against placebo were much more variable in their results. Most of these studies were small, older and of lower quality. A few showed valerian was no better than placebo, but most showed benefits on some, but not all, tests.

Another group of studies tested combination products of valerian along with hops and/or lemon balm. These herbs are alleged to improve sleep themselves and to have even better effects in combination. However, the studies had variable results, mostly showing that the combinations were no more effective than placebo.

In contrast to pharmaceutical sleeping tablets, valerian does not have an immediate sedative effect. General recommendations usually state that it needs to be taken consistently for one to two weeks before improvements will be seen. While this approach to taking valerian has not been tested specifically, most of the placebo-controlled studies that lasted two weeks or longer did not find valerian more effective than placebo.

Problematic aspects

The various studies did not report any serious adverse effects with valerian. Some mild side effects were reported, such as headache, intestinal problems and morning drowsiness. The side effects with benzodiazepines were more frequent and more problematic.

Valerian should not be taken along with alcohol, benzodiazepines or other sedatives in case they enhance one another's effects in unpredictable ways. Concerns have been expressed that valerian may interfere with how other drugs are eliminated from the body, but little research has been conducted in this area.

Recommendations

Valerian is a herbal remedy with an ancient reputation for improving sleep quality. It appears to be safe and does not have as many side effects as commonly prescribed sleeping tablets. While people often report beneficial results, most recent studies have not found it any more effective than placebo. However, a few studies have found it to be similar in effectiveness to benzodiazepines.

Such contradictory results may arise because of the variety of valerian products that are available. These are made from different species and prepared in different ways.

The studies themselves have also used numerous ways to measure the quality of people's sleep, which can be difficult to measure accurately.

Given its lack of side effects, valerian may be worth trying. Most studies use 400-900mg valerian extract, taken about two hours before bedtime. If no improvements are seen after two to three weeks, other options should be investigated.

What You Need to Know About Valerian

Source:https://www.verywell.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-valerian-88336

By Cathy Wong, ND (Reviewed by a board-certified physician)

Health Benefits, Uses, Side Effects & More

What is Valerian?

Valerian is a plant native to Europe and Asia. It grows to up to four feet high and has trumpet-shaped flowers. The roots are used medicinally. Although the fresh root is relatively odorless, the dried root has a strong odor that many find unpleasant.

Valerian is believed to have been used since at least the time of ancient Greece and Rome. It was used as a folk remedy for a variety of conditions such as sleeping problems, digestive complaints, nervousness, trembling, tension headaches and heart palpitations.

Valerian's popularity waned with the introduction of prescription sleep medication.

There is no consensus on the active constituents of valerian. It's possible that valerian's activity may result from a combination of compounds rather than any one. Valerian appears to increase the body's available supply of the neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), possibly by increasing its production, decreasing its absorption or slowing its breakdown.

Valerian can be found in capsule, tea, tablet or liquid extract forms in most health food stores, some drugstores and online.

Other names for valerian include All-heal, Amantilla, Setwall, Setewale, Capon's Tail, and Valeriana officinalis. Uses for Valerian

So far, scientific support for the potential benefits of valerian is fairly lacking.

1) Insomnia

The use of valerian is supported by some evidence from clinical studies. The problem with many of the studies, however, is they've generally been small, used different amounts of valerian for varying lengths of time, or had problems with the study design, making it impossible to form a conclusion about the effectiveness of valerian.

Valerian appears to be less effective than prescription sleep medication. One possible advantage of valerian, however, is that it may not have as much of a "hangover" effect on mental or physical functioning the following day. Also, people taking sleeping pills sometimes have a temporary worsening of insomnia when they are discontinued, an effect that hasn't been reported with valerian.

2) Anxiety

Valerian is also used for anxiety, although there's insufficient evidence that it's effective.

Caveats

People taking medications for insomnia or anxiety, such as benzodiazepines, should not combine these medications with valerian.

Side effects of valerian may include headache, dizziness, itchiness, upset stomach, drowsiness during the daytime, dry mouth and vivid.dreams.

Rarely, liver damage has been associated with the use of valerian. It's not certain whether the cause of the liver damage was due to valerian itself or to contaminants in the product. Until we know more, people should use valerian only under the supervision of a qualified health care practitioner and those with liver disease should avoid it. Although liver damage doesn't always produce noticeable symptoms, if excessive tiredness, intense itching, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, pain or discomfort in the upper right side of the abdomen, or a yellowing of the whites of the eyes or skin occurs, see your doctor immediately.

Valerian may cause excessive sleepiness or daytime drowsiness if combined with other drugs that cause drowsiness, such as the benzodiazepines Ativan (lorazepam) or Valium (diazepam), some antidepressants, narcotics such as codeine, and barbituates such as phenobarbitol, or with over-the-counter sleep and cold products containing diphenhydramine and doxylamine.

It may also cause excessive sleepiness if taken with herbs thought to have a sedative effect, such as hops, catnip and kava.

Valerian is broken down in the liver. Theoretically, it could interfere with the effectiveness of medications that are broken down by the same liver enzymes, such as:

• allergy medications like fexofenadine

• cholesterol medication such as lovastatin

• antifungal drugs such as itraconazole and ketoconazole

• cancer medications such as irinotecan, etoposide, STI571, paclitaxel, vinblastine or vincristine

Valerian supplements haven't been tested for safety and keep in mind that the safety of supplements in pregnant women, nursing mothers, children, and those with medical conditions or who are taking medications has not been established. You can get tips on using supplements here, but if you're considering the use of valerian, talk with your primary care provider first.

Herb to Know: Valerian

Source:http://www.motherearthliving.com/plant-profile/herb-to-know-valerian.aspx

By Barbara Pleasant

Try soothing valerian for sweeter sleep.

Sometimes known as garden heliotrope, valerian is one of the most fragrant perennials you can grow. Its rounded clusters of pale pink blooms perfume the garden and indoor bouquets for up to six weeks in early summer.

But valerian is much more than a pretty flower. Its roots contain compounds with calming effects so potent that valerian sometimes is called "poor man’s valium." (Valium is not made from valerian, but the two travel similar neural pathways in the brain.)

More than 1,800 years ago, the Greek physician Galen prescribed valerian for insomnia. The National Institutes of Health’s recent review of studies on valerian’s effectiveness drew "inconclusive" results, but two of these studies showed that valerian helped people fall asleep faster. In the study with the most participants, conducted in Switzerland in 1982, valerian reduced nighttime awakenings, especially among people who reported they were poor sleepers.

The active ingredients in valerian are water soluble, so you can take it as a simple tea. Although some think its flavor "foul," I find these claims to be wildly exaggerated. I steep ½ teaspoon dried or fresh snipped valerian root and 1 teaspoon chamomile in 1½ cups boiling water to make a potent nightcap for two. Even without honey, the tea tastes just fine to my sleep-challenged palate.

Other people like to combine valerian with hops, which also has sedative effects. Or you can buy valerian as a supplement. The typical before-bed dosage is 600 mg; exceeding this level could make you feel groggy the next day.

Growing Valerian

Native to Western Europe, valerian grows into a robustly upright, 5-foot-tall tower of sweet vanilla-and-clove fragrance. You can grow the plants from seed sown directly in the garden; or start seeds indoors, then set out container-grown plants in spring or late summer. Choose a sunny spot with access to water as valerian grows best with constant light moisture.

Established plants bloom in early summer and are most fragrant in late afternoon. If you live in the Northeast—where valerian often becomes weedy—be sure to snip off faded flowers to prevent reseeding. After several seasons, established clumps can be dug and divided in spring or fall.

In spring and fall, the medicinal compounds in valerian roots are at their peak potency, so these also are the best times to harvest. Simply dig the plant, with roots intact, and hang it in a dark location indoors to dry. Freshly dug valerian roots have been said to smell like dirty socks, but to me they smell more like slightly soured laundry with a hint of mint … and after a couple of days of drying, the odor dissipates. When the roots are crisp-dry (after several weeks), snip off the best and store them in airtight containers in a cool, dark place.

Three herbal remedies to beat insomnia

Source:http://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/home-property/79572376/three-herbal-remedies-to-beat-insomnia

By JANE WRIGGLESWORTH

HOP PILLOW

Most of us know that hops are a key component of beer - but in herbal medicine they're favoured for their calming effect on the nervous system.

That's good for those who suffer from insomnia (myself included), and it's especially good for those who cannot take valerian (which has the opposite effect on some people – like me), though frequently you see the two herbs combined.

Hop pillows were first made popular by King George III, who supposedly used one to relieve his insomnia.

You can make your own hop pillow easily enough – just fill a small bag with fresh hops and sew it closed, then sleep with the bag in such a way that you can smell it. Replace it every few months as the therapeutic properties will diminish over time.

VALERIAN TINCTURE

The active constituents in valerian depress the central nervous system in a similar way to GABA, a relaxing neurotransmitter in the brain. Clinical studies have shown that valerian is effective in the treatment of insomnia, mostly by reducing the time it takes to go from fully awake to asleep and improving sleep quality.

Valerian is easy to grow in rich, heavy loam with good moisture. It's a hardy perennial, with summer flowers reaching up to 1.5m high, but as it's the root that is used, you may want to snip off the flowers so that the plant puts more energy into the rhizomes.

You can make a tincture by soaking the chopped roots in three times their volume of vodka. Place both in a jar, screw the lid on tightly and store in a cool, dark room. Shake daily for 4-6 weeks, then strain. Alternatively, you can steep slices of fresh or dried root in freshly boiled water to make a tea.

SCULLCAP TEA

Scullcap is a relaxing nervine used to relieve stress and anxiety, and it can also be taken at night to quieten a busy mind. It is often used with passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) as a overall herbal mind-body sedative. Skullcap leaves can be used either fresh or recently dried, as they lose their potency as they age. For a good night's sleep, make a strong tea with a couple of tablespoons of leaves, taken perhaps an hour before retiring.

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7 Ways to Fall Asleep Without Ambien

Source:http://nymag.com/thecut/2016/02/natural-sleep-aids.html

By Leslie Price

Stress, caffeine, car alarms, the neon sign outside your window — there are all sorts of elements conspiring to ruin your sleep. If you’re not quite ready for prescription solutions, natural sleep aids can seem like a promising middle ground. But which ones actually work? We sifted through medical studies and spoke with experts to round up seven ways to get some rest when your blackout curtains just aren’t cutting it.

Before we start, some caveats: Natural sleep supplements aren’t subject to the same restrictions as, say, Ambien, so “there’s a bit of a buyer-beware situation with these,” says Dr. Lawrence Epstein, assistant sleep clinic medical director, division of sleep and circadian disorders, at Brigham and Women’s Faulkner Hospital. “Supplements aren’t regulated the way that medications are regulated,” he cautions. “Companies are not required to prove that they work. They’re not even required to prove that they’re safe, or that they deliver what they say they deliver."

There’s also lack of data regarding supplements’ efficacy, which doesn’t necessarily mean they don’t work — many simply haven’t been studied enough. “With pharmaceuticals, there is a company that is going to make a lot of money if the pharmaceutical is proven to work,” says Dr. Catherine Darley of the the Institute of Naturopathic Sleep Medicine in Seattle. That’s not the case with many natural cures, which is part of the reason why there is a dearth of scientific research. “There are financial forces at play in funding the research.”

That said, if you’ve been on the Ambien train a few times and are searching for something that won’t make you blackout and sleep eat, natural sleep supplements are worth a try. They don’t come with a laundry list of freaky side effects, aren’t habit forming, and don’t require a trip to the doctor’s to obtain.

When considering supplements, it would behoove you to consult with a naturopathic doctor. “The dose you take, how you take it (with or without food), and the timing makes a huge difference,” says Darley. But first, here’s our list of seven all-natural options to choose from.

Melatonin: Melatonin is a hormone naturally produced by the body to help regulate our circadian rhythm, the internal clock that includes the sleep-wake cycle. There are both over-the-counter and prescription medications that include melatonin. Though it does have a “mild” soporific effect, says Epstein, “its greater role is with the timing of sleep and helping people regulate their circadian rhythms.”

“It is very useful for circadian problems,” echos Darley, “particularly delayed sleep phase. People need to take it six hours before bed to have that phase-shifting effect, to shift your body clock earlier. Many people don’t know that.” If you’re a night owl, have jet lag, or are a shift worker, melatonin could help you fall asleep at a normal time of night.

L-tryptophan: The amino acid L-tryptophan was pulled off shelves in the '90s due to a contamination issue (speaking to that earlier point about supplements being unregulated), but has been back on the market for ten years and is now considered safe by the FDA. LT is not naturally produced by the body; you have to get it from food (it’s in sleep-inducing foods like turkey and milk) or a supplement. Once absorbed, it’s eventually converted to serotonin, the precursor to melatonin. Unlike other natural sleep aids, there have been many studies concerning LT’s effectiveness. It seems to work like a sedative, helping you feel sleepy and fall asleep faster.

“5HTP can be helpful, and sometimes can be more easily taken than tryptophan. The thing with tryptophan is you are supposed to take it away from food, so it’s not competing with other amino acids. Take it a few hours after dinner,” says Darley. “It can give some people an allergic response, like a rash,” says Sanjeev Kothare, M.D., associate professor, department of neurology, NYU Langone’s Comprehensive Epilepsy Center. “So you have to be careful with tryptophan.”

Valerian root: This herb is commonly included in sleep supplements, and research backs up its effects: It can help you fall asleep faster and improve the quality of your sleep. “Valerian root has been around for a very long time,” says Epstein. “It has some potential to affect a couple of the sleep systems, like GABA and serotonin, and there have been a number of small trials performed.”

“Valerian is pretty well studied, though some of the results are mixed,” says Darley. “I don’t often use it in my practice, but I am working with people who have chronic, long-term insomnia and are at the point where they need something stronger.” It could be more effective, “for a person having insomnia thanks to temporary upset or a life event, for those whose sleep isn’t as disturbed long-term.”

“There’s anecdotal data that Valerian does work in sleep induction. How it works is unclear,” says Kothare. “But it works.” Valerian root is endorsed by Dr. Andrew Weil, who writes that the “sedative herb,” which can be found relatively easily, should be taken a half-hour before bedtime.

Magnesium: A few small studies have shown a link between magnesium deficiency and poor sleep. And according to the University of Maryland Medical Center, most people in the U.S. aren’t getting enough magnesium in their diets. The “miracle” mineral is endorsed by Dr. Frank Lipman, Gwyneth Paltrow’s guru, who recommends “taking 1,000 mg” before bed, as well as Dr. Weil.

“Magnesium is known to have relaxing properties,” says Darley, “and it’s one of the nutrients that many Americans are deficient in because we don’t have a very magnesium-rich diet and because magnesium is used up in the metabolism of sugar. We have high-sugar diets, so we burn through a lot of magnesium, and then we’re not replenishing it with magnesium-rich foods.” Try one of the magnesium drinks on the market that “seem more absorbable and calming.”

Hops: This plant, a crucial component of beer, has been studied for its sedative effects and has historically been used for sleep issues. Hops “have a soporific effect,” says Kothare. Though there’s not a ton of evidence that hops alone will cure insomnia (it’s often taken with valerian root), there have been some positive results regarding its usefulness. As Men’s Health explains, “Most hops-related sleep studies with humans pair the extract with valerian and prove that, when taken together — usually 120 mg of hops extract with 500 mg of valerian extract — the combination may help to improve sleep and decrease the time it takes to fall asleep.”

An important note: This doesn’t mean that beer is a sleep aid. Alcohol has been proven to disturb the quality of sleep, and over time, alcohol abuse can screw up your sleep permanently.

Chamomile: Consumed as a tea or tincture, chamomile is a very, very gentle sleep inducer. In other words, this one isn’t going to help you if you’re a chronic insomniac. Still, if you’re doing all the things to try to sleep better, it certainly can’t hurt. “It’s mild but helpful,” says Darley. “I have had many patients say that they get some help with chamomile tea. It doesn’t solve their problem, but it decreases the amount of time it takes them to fall asleep or helps them feel more relaxed.”

“It works well with lavender, “ says Kothare, who recommends the herbal combination in a soothing bath.

Tart cherries: Tart cherries are a close relative to sweet cherries. They offer more nutritional value, and their juice is a proven source of both melatonin and tryptophan. In a much-talked-about study published last year, tart cherries were shown to help people sleep longer — nearly an hour and a half more per night. If you don’t have problems falling asleep but tend to wake up way too early, tart cherry juice could be just the trick. It “could be something worth trying for mild insomnia,” says Darley.

Medicinal Uses & Benefits of Valerian

Source:http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/medicinal-uses-benefits-valerian-7793.html

By Tracey Roizman, D.C. (Demand Media)

Valeriana, a genus of perennial flowering plant native to Europe, North America and South America, contains several species with potentially medicinal benefits, collectively referred to as valerian. Herbalists have used valerian, a mainstay in traditional medicine, since 200 A.D., according to the University of Maryland Medical Center. Consult your doctor about the appropriate use of valerian.

Anti-Anxiety

Valerian helps alleviate symptoms of anxiety, according to a study published in the July 2010 issue of the journal "Phytomedicine." In the laboratory animal study, two valerian extracts showed the ability to bind to receptors for GABA, one of the brain's calming neurotransmitters, in a manner similar to that of benzodiazepine drugs. Doses of 3 mililiters per kilogram of body weight of whole valerian root extract and 3 miligrams per kilogram body weight of valerenic acid, an extract of valerian, both reduced anxious behavior. Results of this preliminary study support valerian's traditional use as a natural method to manage mild anxiety.

Sleep Improvement

A type of valerian known as Valeriana wallichii, may help you sleep better, according to a laboratory animal study published in the July 2012 issue of the journal "Phytomedicine." Participants who took doses of 200 and 300 milligrams per kilogram of body weight fell asleep faster and woke up fewer times during the night. Total sleep time increased and brain levels of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin were improved. Additionally, slow brain waves during non-REM sleep increased, indicating improved sleep quality. Researchers concluded that Valeriana wallichii's sleep benefits may be related to its effects on levels of neurotransmitters and certain other amino acids in the brain.

Liver Protection

A form of valerian known as Valeriana jatamansi, an herb used in traditional Indian herbal medicine, may offer liver-protective benefits, according to a study published in the December 2010 issue of the journal "Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology." In the laboratory animal study, supplementation with Valeriana jatamansi for nine weeks reduced elevated liver enzymes. Researchers note that the herb has also been shown to decrease overactive cell reproduction in response to chemical irritants and conclude that Valeriana jatamansi shows potential as a natural treatment for liver cirrhosis. Further studies are needed to determine if these preliminary benefits extend to humans.

Antioxidant Benefits

Antioxidants help protect cells from the damaging effects of toxins and cellular waste products. Antioxidant activity of valerian was demonstrated in a test-tube study published in the January 2013 issue of the "Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences." In the study, levels of valerenic acid and valepotriates, valerian's active constituents that provide antioxidant benefits, were compared between Valeriana officinalis and two other plants that contain valerenic acid -- Valeriana sisymbriifolia and Nardostachys jatamansii. Results showed that the compounds were present in all three plants and that Valeriana officinalis contains the highest levels, providing the greatest antioxidant activity.

Valerian—How this “Stinky Herb” May Help Us Sleep

Source:http://www.empowher.com/insomnia/content/valerian-how-stinky-herb-may-help-us-sleep

By Alison Stanton

For thousands of years, people have been taking valerian to help them sleep, and to ease the effects of stress and anxiety.

However, if you’re going to give this herbal remedy a try, you might want to put a clothespin over your nose—it is often referred to in literature as the “stinky herb.”

Actually, if you take it in capsule or tablet form, you should be just fine. Having said that, we recently were out of state visiting relatives and I had placed my bottle of valerian capsules in the same bag that contained our toothbrushes and my older son definitely noticed the smell coming from the bottle as he reached into the bag to get his items. I often take valerian with me when traveling by plane for many days with my two sons, just in case I need a boost to my emotional equilibrium!

In spite of its odor, valerian appears to be quite sweet when it comes to its abilities to help us feel calmer and to get a better night’s rest. Some people have also used it as both a diuretic and to help ease stomach cramps.

To make the tablets or capsules, the root of the valerian plant is typically freeze-dried into a powder. I’ve also seen valerian “calming” teas in the health food section of my favorite grocery store. I prefer the capsules as they are easy and quick to swallow. It is often standardized to contain 0.3-0.8 percent valerenic or valeric acid, although interestingly, researchers are not 100 percent sure that this is the key ingredient.

What scientists do believe is that valerian works by increasing the amount of gamma aminobutyric acid, or GABA, in our brains. GABA helps to modulate our nerve cells and can help reduce anxiety. The drugs Xanax and Valium, which are in the class of drugs called benzodiazepines, also work by increasing the amount of GABA in the brain.

Many people take valerian to help them fight bouts of insomnia. It is often combined in formulas with things like lemon balm, hops, and other herbal remedies that are also typically found to cause people to feel sleepy. A lot of information on valerian’s effectiveness comes through anecdotal evidence; studies have tended to find both positive and negative results.

According to MedlinePlus, the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rated valerian as “possibly effective” for insomnia, noting that it does not tend to work as quickly as sleeping pills and usually has to be taken for several weeks before a noticeable difference is seen.

Overall, valerian has been found to be safe when taken according to the directions on the bottle or box of tea. It has been classified as “Generally Recognized As Safe” or GRAS, by the United States Food and Drug Administration.

Personally, I have had good luck with valerian for its anti-anxiety powers. I don’t have a problem with insomnia, but I know people who do and they too found that it was helpful. Have you ever taken valerian? If so, how did it work? Did you feel less stressed and anxious or did you sleep better at night?

Valerian: sleep aid for humans, catnip for felines

Source:http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/home_blog/2012/04/valerian-.html

By Jeff Spurrier

The Global Garden, our series on multicultural L.A. as seen through the lens of its landscapes, returns to the Fountain Avenue Community Garden this week, where Charlene Gawa has planted a soothing bit of botanical history called valerian.

The 10th century name stems from the Latin verb meaning "to heal." It was popular among ancient cultures from Europe to Asia; one variety was used by Native Americans, sometimes as a food. The root of Valerian is used as a relaxant and sleep aid, its popularity as an herbal medicine diminished with the rise of the synthetic Valium.

Although the flowers smell pleasant -- a cross between vanilla and cherry pie -- the feathery leaves and roots are odoriferous. Old socks is the most common descriptor. Cats adore it. If not planted away from felines, it will be reduced to a nubbin quickly. You can rub cat toys with the leaves or make a satchel to keep Tabby happy. Dogs and rats also like the smell.

Discourage digging by planting valerian firmly in the ground and mounding rocks around the base. Originally a marsh plant, this perennial is a heavy feeder. It can take partial sun or shade, getting as tall as 5 feet. If harvesting the roots is your aim, clip off flowers to encourage growth below soil. Wash and clean the roots and then toast (don't burn) in a low-heat oven until they become brittle. Valerian can be grown from seed (you can try mountainroseherbs.com) but it can be tricky. The seeds take a lot of water and germinate slowly. A better bet is to cut a section off the crown of an established plant or buy a seedling. Marina del Rey Garden Center usually has it in stock. And if you're growing valerian, now is the time when you should be separating older plants to provide room for new roots.

A medicinal herb in the mountains of New Mexico

Source:http://www.taosnews.com/lifestyle/article_e42fcb66-e44e-11e4-8f31-eb5b3d61eb44.html

By Rob Hawley

Valerian is one of the best-known medicinal herbs and we have three species growing in the mountains here in Northern New Mexico.

Valerian has small white to pink flowers in branched clusters and leaves growing from the base of the stalk. The singular identifying characteristic of our valerians is a pair of opposite leaves on the flower stalk that appear to be barbed. In our mountains, we have two species of medicinal valerian, V. acutiloba and V. arizonica and one species that is edible, named V. edulis.

Valerian is an herb with a variety of uses due to its calming nature, and in fact, the benzodiazepine drug Valium takes its name from valerian due to the long history and well-known properties of valerian, as a sedating herb.

The roots are the most often used and are useful in promoting sleep and calming jangled nerves, but perhaps valerian is most useful due to its effect of relaxing of the smooth muscle of the intestines and uterus when stomach or menstrual cramps are causing discomfort.

The plant can be used in the dry form as capsules or tea but the most effective way to use valerian is in the form of an extract of the fresh plant. As valerian dries a stinky substance called isovaleric acid forms that smells something like dirty socks. Isovaleric acid, if used everyday can contribute to depression so the fresh form of the plant as liquid extract is the most effective and preferred medicine.

At Taos Herb Company we use the whole fresh plant harvested in the late spring or early summer.

Consult your health care practitioner about the use of herbs or supplements, especially if you are pregnant, taking prescription medication or administering herbs to children.

Getting to the root of the sedative effects of valerian

Source:http://www.asbmb.org/asbmbtoday/asbmbtoday_article.aspx?id=32927

By Shannadora Hollis

The medicinally important sesquiterpenes of Valeriana officinalis are biosynthesized in their roots. Courtesy of the National Center for Natural Products Research at the University of Mississippi.

While plant products continue to be a prime target for drug development, their clinical potential is often curtailed by scientists’ inability to identify and synthesize sufficient and consistent levels of the plant’s bioactive components. This has proved to be the case for the plant Valeriana officinalis, commonly known as valerian.

For a recent study published in The Journal of Biological Chemistry, researchers at the University of Kentucky set out to examine the biosynthesis of valerian in hopes of elucidating where valerenadiene, the plant’s proposed bioactive component, is expressed and how it is synthesized.

Historical and biochemical origins of valerian Valeriana officinalis is a perennial native to Europe and Asia. It was used as a medicinal herb in ancient Greece and Rome for the treatment of insomnia, with its therapeutic uses described by the likes of Hippocrates and Galen (1, 2).

This tradition continues today. Herbal preparations of valerian still are used as a remedy for insomnia as well as anxiety. The biological activities of the plant are attributed to valeranone, valerenadiene and valerenic acid (3). These compounds are typically found in the plant roots and are derived from a larger class of chemicals known as sesquiterpenes. Valeranone may be derived from germacrene, while the biosynthetic precursor for valerenic acid is thought to be valerena-1,10-diene, also known as valerenadiene.

Valerian’s chemical structure: unraveling the sesquiterpene isobutanyl side chain According to Joe Chappell, professor of plant biochemistry at the University of Kentucky and director of the Medicinal Plant Consortium, “Chemicals like you find in Valeriana, especially the sesquiterpene molecules, have represented a conceptual challenge ... because they’re very unique in their structure.”

More specifically, sesquiterpenes contain an isobutenyl side chain. The origin of this evolutionarily conserved functional group has been enigmatic, as a chemical rationalization for its biosynthesis has not been readily apparent. “Chemists have pondered how these molecules can be made biosynthetically for well over 100 years,” adds Chappell.

To understand how the biosynthesis of such chemicals and their respective substituent groups occurs, chemists often start from the beginning of the process: by looking at the enzymes that catalyze the biochemical reactions of interest. “One would have to go in and study the enzymes themselves to really understand how you get this unique isobutenyl side chain,” Chappell says.

This fundamental chemistry principle led researchers to attempt to identify the enzymes that catalyze the biosynthesis of valerena-1,10-diene, the structurally elusive isobutenyl side chain-bearing sesquiterpene.

Identifying valerian’s catalytic enzyme: reaching into the bioinformatic toolbox “Plants harbor an unbelievable array of molecules. Many of these molecules are made by enzymatic catalysts that use unprecedented chemical transformations,” says Sarah O’Connor, co-director of the Medicinal Plant Consortium. “With the increasing availability of plant sequence data, along with the bioinformatic tools to mine it, we can find these enzymes much more rapidly.”

This was precisely the approach employed by Chappell et al. in the valerian study. The investigators first used the Medicinal Plant Genomics Resource and Medicinal Plant Metabolomics Resource. These searchable and downloadable online databases were made available to the research community in 2011 as part of an ongoing initiative to study how plant genes contribute to the production of various chemical compounds and to assist in the advancement of plant-derived drug development.

The project, led by Chappell, was part of a $6 million collaborative Grand Opportunities grant through the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. Researchers from seven institutions studied the genes and chemical profiles of 14 plants known for medicinal properties, including Valeriana officinalis. More specifically, they determined the DNA sequences and expression profiles of the transcriptomes and the associated metabolomes of the plants, thereby allowing identification of candidate pathway genes.

The researchers took advantage of these bioinformatic tools to study Valeriana officinalis, using the databases to screen the various valerian tissue types (leaves, flowers, roots, etc.) for metabolites that yielded fragment ions with a mass-to-charge ratio characteristic of a derivative of valerena-1,10-diene.

Several ions meeting this criterion were found exclusively in the root tissues. One corresponded to an acetylated sesquiterpenoid diol. Sesquiterpenoids are biochemically modified sesquiterpenes. Their formation is catalyzed by the enzyme terpene synthase. Thus, the presence of this modified sesquiterpene in the root of valerian suggested that the terpene synthase(s) responsible for the biosynthesis of valerenadiene also might be in the root.

Chappell and his team identified seven possible Valeriana officinalis terpene synthase (VoTPS) gene candidates that may be involved in the synthesis of valerena-1,10-diene. To biochemically characterize these putative genes, cell-free extracts from E. coli expressing each of the VoTPS cDNAs encoding for the respective genes were expressed and analyzed to determine their enzymatic activity and reaction products.

Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, the team determined that the reaction product of one of the candidate terpene synthase genes, VoTPS1, was valerenadiene. This confirmed that VoTPS1 was indeed the enzyme responsible for the catalysis of the sesquiterpene.

Revisiting “paper-pencil chemistry” to fill in the mechanistic gaps With the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of valerena-1,10-diene identified, researchers next relied on the biosynthetic logic of their scientific predecessors to shed light on the origin of the sesquiterpene’s enigmatic isobutenyl side chain. Joseph D. Connolly, a chemist at the University of Glasgow, previously addressed this mechanistic uncertainty by suggesting the possible involvement of a caryophyllene intermediate. Caryophyllene is a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene that is notable for having a cyclobutane ring — a rarity in nature.

“Dr. Connolly was one of the theoretical chemists that were thinking about how you get this isobutenyl group,” Chappell explains. “He proposed the intermediate as a way to get the four-carbon substituent group generated. We took his suggestion of the caryophyllene intermediate…played pretty hard with it in paper-pencil chemistry, and we ultimately came up with a proposal for how the chemical transformation occurred…Then we wanted to test it by looking at 13C incorporation into valerenadiene. We could make a prediction about what carbons would be adjacent to one another in the molecule using NMR techniques.”

The team observed a mechanism consistent with the expected labeling pattern of the proposed caryophyllene reaction mechanism for valerena-1,10-diene catalysis by VoTPS1. In this mechanism, C1 forms a bond with C11 of farnesyl diphosphate, the substrate for terpene synthases. This results in the formation of a caryophyllenyl carbocation, followed by opening of the cyclobutyl ring to yield the desired isobutenyl side chain.

Is it time to put the enigma to bed? Medicinal plants produce a wealth of pharmaceutical compounds. Unfortunately, the metabolic pathways involved in the synthesis of these compounds remain poorly understood. Elucidating these pathways has been difficult in part due to the limited availability of genetic resources for these plants.

Thanks to state-of-the-art, high-throughput genomic and transcriptomic sequencing resources and bioinformatic tools, research in the life sciences has experienced what many would consider a revolution. For the first time, these advances have been extended to the medicinal plant arena on a broad scale, and their influence is prominent in this study on Valeriana officinalis.

According to Fabricio Medina-Bolivar, professor of plant metabolic engineering and vice president of the American Council for Medicinally Active Plants, “This work opens the doors to study the biosynthesis of related sesquiterpenes and highlights the importance of newly available transcriptomic data to identify key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of medicinally active compounds.”

Valerian has created quite a buzz in the scientific community, as evidenced by numerous clinical trials involving the plant (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9). Although the biological activities of valerian are attributed to sesquiterpenes, whether these compounds are responsible for the reported sedative effects of the plant “remains to be seen,” says Chappell.

“We have now provided the research community with a means for producing this compound [valerenadiene] by itself in high yields and with a high purity,” he says. “Now there will be lots of follow-up testing to determine if this is really the molecule that is providing the anti-anxiety and sleep induction benefits.”

Health Flash: Valerian sleep herb

Source:http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/health-flash-valerian-sleep-herb/story-fnek2iul-1226813994869

By Mim Beim

VALERIAN has been a sleep herb throughout history

Valerian is the herb most people link to sleep. It also helps reduce anxiety and relax muscle tension. During World War I, it was used to treat returning soldiers' shell shock - these days, diagnosed as post-traumatic stress disorder.

Studies have shown that valerian can be useful for people suffering insomnia, helping them to fall asleep and stay asleep, as well as improving sleep quality.

However, sometimes, valerian can have the opposite effect. In these rare cases, known as a paradoxical reaction, the herb acts as a stimulant, exacerbating the problem of sleeplessness. Anyone who reacts to it in this way should avoid valerian.

Valerian: Help for Post-Menopausal Insomnia?

Source:http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-michael-j-breus/valerian-insomnia_b_1028544.html

By Dr. Michael J. Breus (Clinical Psychologist; Board Certified Sleep Specialist)

Here’s some potentially good news for the millions of women who are coping with insomnia as a consequence of menopause: A recent study indicates that the herbal supplement valerian is an effective treatment for women with post-menopausal insomnia.

Researchers at the University of Tehran examined the effects of valerian on post-menopausal women suffering from insomnia. One hundred women between the ages of 50-60 participated in the study. All the women had reported problems with insomnia. The women were divided into two groups: The first group was given a twice-daily dose of valerian for two weeks and the second group received a placebo. The women who received valerian experienced a significant improvement in the quality of their sleep, compared to those in the placebo group. Researchers reported that 30 percent of women who took valerian for the two-week study period saw a positive change in their sleep quality, compared with 4 percent of women in the placebo group.

Valerian, a flowering plant that is native to both Europe and Asia and is now also grown in North America, has long been used medicinally, particularly for sleep — the ancient Greeks wrote about its power in treating sleeplessness. It is the plant’s root that is cultivated and processed for use in supplements, which have been popular and widely available for decades. There has been no significant research into the long-term effects of valerian use, which is a significant omission — as with any medicinal sleep aid, “herbal” or not, we need an understanding of its effects on the body over the long term, both in terms of its safety and its effectiveness. The short-term side effects of valerian, however, we know to be relatively mild, consisting of headaches and stomach upset.

Women face challenges to sleep throughout their lives, but menopause often brings with it particularly difficult obstacles to sleep. According to the National Sleep Foundation, 61 percent of post-menopausal women report experiencing some degree of insomnia. What happens during menopause that wreaks such havoc with sleep? There are several factors:

• Hormone shifts. Starting in peri-menopause, the hormones estrogen and progesterone begin to fluctuate, and these short-term shifts can be disruptive to sleep. Over the course of menopause, the body’s levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease. Both estrogen and progesterone have effects on sleep, and the new, decreased, post-menopausal levels of these critical hormones can make sleep more difficult.

• Physical symptoms. Menopause brings about a number of physical symptoms that can be very uncomfortable and also challenging to sleep. Hot flashes in particular can pose frequent interruptions to a woman’s nightly sleep, leaving her feeling fatigued and sleep deprived. Over time, interrupted sleep can take on a life of it’s own—insomnia and disrupted sleep can persist even after the hot flashes have disappeared.

• Mood changes. The process of menopause has not only significant physical changes, but also emotional ones. Some women will experience depression, anxiety and other mood disorders in greater frequency during menopause. These mood-related shifts can be a cause of sleep deficiency — they can also be a consequence of insufficient sleep.

Lack of sleep during and after menopause can be disruptive to a woman’s overall physical health, and also to her general sense of well being and quality of life. One recent survey indicated that 76 percent of women who experienced insomnia related to menopause reported a moderate to significant impact on their quality of life. More than a third — 34 percent — said their intimate lives were affected.

Women and their physicians are not talking about sleep problems nearly as much as they need to be. A recent survey revealed that 62 percent of women who participated had not spoken with their doctors about their problem sleeping. If that’s not bad enough, here’s an even more distressing piece of data: Of the women who did talk with their doctors about their struggles with sleep, 90 percent reported having to initiate the topic themselves. We can — and must — do better than this, both as patients and physicians.

Valerian may be a promising option for post-menopausal women experiencing insomnia, but I do encourage my patients to try making adjustments to their regular habits and choices as a first step before pursuing any sleep aid — and make no mistake, even herbal remedies are chemicals in the body. Here are some options to consider:

• Exercise, especially early in the day. Physical activity is a mood booster for the rest of the day, and exercise in the morning, especially in sunlight, can help strengthen our circadian clocks, which weaken as we age.

• Limit caffeine. Start by cutting yourself off from caffeine to later than 2 p.m. Your morning cup of coffee may still be okay, but if you continue to have trouble sleeping, it may be time to consider pulling that no-caffeine deadline back even earlier.

• Mind-body exercise. Yoga, tai chi — these disciplines work to strengthen both the physical and the mental self, and there are indications they provide benefits for sleep.

• Talk to you doctor. This one is a must, for everyone. Make sleep a part of your regular conversation with your doctor. Don’t wait for the topic to come up on it’s own — initiate the conversation. And always consult your physician before adding a chemical sleep aid — even an herbal one — to your regimen.

Sweet Dreams,

Michael J. Breus, PhD

The Sleep Doctor™

Valerian Root for Sleep Improvement

Source:http://www.motherearthnews.com/natural-health/valerian-root-for-sleep-improvement-zbcz1503.aspx

By Chelsea Clark (Natural Health Advisory Institute)

Have trouble falling and staying asleep? Suffer from insomnia or another sleep disorder? No one enjoys lying awake at night trying, to no avail, to drift into sleep. While over-the-counter sleep medications or prescription drugs might be tempting to combat a sleepless night, they don’t always work and can put you at risk for several negative side effects, such as cognitive impairment. These can be especially dangerous for youth. Instead, look to all-natural herbal solutions, such as valerian root, for sleep disorder and insomnia treatment.

What Is Valerian Root?

Valerian is an herb that has yellowish-brown roots, dark green leaves, and white and pink flowers. The root of this plant has been used for centuries for its medicinal properties. Primarily, valerian is known for it’s sedative qualities, which can help to increase sleepiness, as well as to decrease nervousness and restlessness. In many European countries, valerian root extract is a commonly used, approved over-the-counter medicine for the treatment of insomnia, anxiety, and disturbed sleep.

Valerian has a variety of active compounds that give it these sedative qualities. These include valerenic acid, amino acids, and more. Although the mechanism is not entirely known, researchers do know that valerian root extracts increase the activity of GABA, one of the body’s main neurotransmitters that reduces excitability of the nervous system. By doing so, valerian has a calming effect in the body.

Does Valerian Improve Sleep Quality?

Studies have found significant improvements in sleep quality, the amount of time it takes to fall asleep, and the depth of sleep in studies using valerian root. One review found that valerian may decrease the time it takes to fall asleep by 14 to 17 minutes. Another study found that 530 mg daily of valerian root significantly improved insomnia symptoms in postmenopausal women aged 50 to 60 years old.

Valerian root can mimic the effects of some anti-anxiety and sleep medications, but it is without side effects and is considered very safe. One of the main advantages of valerian is that it does not produce a “hangover” effect, meaning that no side effects are felt upon waking. It is also useful for the treatment of anxiety, depression, and restlessness, as well.

A Combination of Herbs Is Often Most Effective

Valerian alone may produce substantial benefits and can help you to fall asleep and stay asleep, but many studies show that using valerian in combination with other sedative herbs is extremely effective. Try valerian with hops extract (Humulus lupulus), which has been shown to increase time spent sleeping as well as time spent in deeper sleep. Lemon balm and valerian is another effective combination, which can be used in children to help reduce restlessness and promote healthy sleep. How to Use Valerian Root for Sleep Improvement

Valerian can be purchased as a dietary supplement. The recommended dose ranges from 30 to 600 mg daily about 30 minutes to two hours before bedtime. You might also try valerian root tea, which can be found in natural groceries. Drink a cup of tea before bed to promote sleep.

Visit Natural Health Advisory Institute for more tips on how to relieve insomnia and get a better night’s rest.

Photos of Valerian Herb, Flowers, Plants and leaves

Valerian flowers
Valerain Leaves
Valerian flowers and pods
Young Valerian plant
Valerian as Wall decoration