Hawthorn

From Philippines
Jump to navigation Jump to search
→ → Go back HOME to Zamboanga: the Portal to the Philippines.

Herbal Remedies and Medicinal Cures for Diseases, Ailments & Illnesses that afflict Humans and Animals
Aloe Vera Astragalus Bankoro Bilberry Bitter Gourd (Ampalaya) Bitter Orange Black Cohosh Cat's Claw Chamomile Chasteberry Coconut Cranberry Dandelion Echinacea Ephedra European Elder Tree Evening Primrose Fenugreek Feverfew Flaxseed Garlic Ginger Ginkgo Ginseng (Asian) Golden Seal Grape Seed Green Tea Hawthorn Hoodia Horse Chestnut Kava Lavender Licorice Malunggay Moringa Oleifera Milk Thistle Mistletoe Passion Flower Peppermint Oil Red Clover Ringworm Bush (Akapulko) – Cassia alata Saw Palmetto St. John's Wort Tawa Tawa Turmeric Valerian Yohimbe
accept the bitter to get better


Hawthorn.jpg
Hawthorn Berries

Dietary supplement is a product that contains vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanicals, amino acids, enzymes, and/or other ingredients intended to supplement the diet. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has special labeling requirements for dietary supplements and treats them as foods, not drugs.



Manufacturers and distributors of dietary supplements and dietary ingredients are prohibited from marketing products that are adulterated or misbranded. That means that these firms are responsible for evaluating the safety and labeling of their products before marketing to ensure that they meet all the requirements of DSHEA and FDA regulations.

Helpful Informational Links
Dandelion Root Products
The leaves and roots of the dandelion, or the whole plant, are used fresh or dried in teas, capsules, or extracts.
Try the Dandelion Way
Hoodia
Kalahari Bushmen have traditionally eaten hoodia stems to reduce their hunger and thirst during long hunts.
Alternative way to loose weight!
Immune System Supplements
Astragalus root is used to support and enhance the immune system. Astragalus has also been used for heart disease.
Herbal Alternative Health
Hawthorn flowers1.jpg
Hawthorn Flowers

Hawthorn

The medicinal herb Hawthorn as an alternative herbal remedy - Hawthorn is a spiny, flowering shrub or small tree of the rose family. The species of hawthorn discussed here are native to northern European regions and grow throughout the world.Common Names--hawthorn, English hawthorn, harthorne, haw, hawthorne Latin Names--Crataegus laevigata (also known as Crataegus oxyacantha), Crataegus monogyna

What Hawthorn Is Used For

Hawthorn fruit has been used as an herbal remedy for heart disease since the first century. It has also been used for digestive and kidney problems.

  • More recently, hawthorn leaf and flower have been used for heart failure, a weakness of the heart muscle that prevents the heart from pumping enough blood to the rest of the body, which can lead to fatigue and limit physical activities.
  • Hawthorn is also used for other heart conditions, including symptoms of coronary artery disease (such as angina).
  • Hawthorn is also used as an herb to lower blood pressure, and treat some heart related diseases.

Herbal Remedy Products with Hawthorn as part of the ingredients

RectoRex Drops.jpg
  • RectoRex Drops™ - Herbal remedy supports health and circulation of rectal veins & capillaries in the anal area
    • Supports health of the surrounding tissue of the anal opening
    • Maintains routine circulation in the anal area while sitting
    • Supports vein and capillary health of the anal passage
High-Rite.jpg
  • High-Rite™ - Proven natural remedy to lower high blood pressure (hypertension)
    • Lowers high blood pressure
    • Protects the heart and cardiovascular system
    • Improves circulation, including chilblains and tingling
    • Improves the heart's ability to pump blood
    • Reduces plaque buildup in arteries
    • Relieves symptoms of angina
  • What RectoRex Drops™ and High-Rite™ says: Hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha) is according to recent studies, beneficial for heart health (Schussler M, Holzl J, Fricke U. "Myocardial effects of flavonoids from Crataegus species". Arzneimittelforschung 1995;45:842-5. ) (Walker, AF, Marakis G, Morris AP, Robinson PA. "Promising hypotensive effect of hawthorn extract: a randomized double-blind pilot study of mild, essential hypertension". Phytotherapy Research. 2002;16(1):48-54). This herb also has flavonoids as an active constituent. (Kao ES, Wang CJ, Lin WL, Yin YF, Wang CP, Tseng TH. "Anti-inflammatory potential of flavonoid contents from dried fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida in vitro and in vivo". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2005;53(2):430-436).
Herbal remedies in zamboanga.PNG

How Hawthorn Is Used

  • The hawthorn leaf and flower are used to make liquid extracts, usually with water and alcohol. Dry extracts can be put into capsules and tablets.

What the Science Says about Hawthorn

  • There is scientific evidence that hawthorn leaf and flower are safe and effective for milder forms of heart failure.
  • There is not enough scientific evidence to determine whether hawthorn works for other heart problems.
  • NCCAM is supporting research studying the mechanisms by which hawthorn may affect heart failure.

Side Effects and Cautions of Hawthorn

  • Hawthorn is considered safe for most adults when used for short periods of time. Side effects are usually mild and can include upset stomach, headache, and dizziness.
  • Drug interactions with hawthorn have not been thoroughly studied. It was once thought that hawthorn interacted with the heart medicine digoxin. However, a very small study in people without heart conditions found no interaction, but evidence is limited.
  • Tell your health care providers about any complementary and alternative practices you use. Give them a full picture of what you do to manage your health. This will help ensure coordinated and safe care.

News About Hawthorn

How Fast Does Hawthorn Grow?

By Molly Allman

Hawthorn can refer to the deciduous hawthorn tree (Crataegus spp.) or the hawthorn evergreen bushes (Rhaphiolepis spp.), but both belong to the Rosaceae family. The rate of growth varies by each species of hawthorn and certain growing conditions may also have an effect on the growth rate of these trees and shrubs. Growth rates are often listed as slow, 12 inches or less per year; medium, 12 to 24 inches per year; or fast, 25 inches or more per year.

Hawthorn Bushes

Hawthorn bushes are well suited to areas where temperatures never, or rarely, dip below 0 degrees Fahrenheit. The shrubs bloom in late fall or mid-winter to late spring, depending on the variety. Hawthorn bushes are low-growing and the taller varieties usually do not grow taller than 6 feet. Growing hawthorn bushes in partial shade keeps them more compact, but they will bear fewer blooms compared to bushes grown in full sun. You can control the size of hawthorn bushes through proper pruning, maintaining a desired size indefinitely.

Hawthorn Bush Growth Rate

The growth rate for hawthorn bushes vary by bush. Yeddo hawthorn (Rhaphiolepis umbellata) is a fast-growing plant that can grow up to 10 feet tall and wide. The bush bears 3/4-inch-wide flowers and dark green leaves ranging from 1 to 3 inches long. It grows in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 8 through 10. Indian Hawthorn (Rhaphiolepis indica) is a slow-growing bush also hardy in USDA zones 8 to 11 that grows 4 to 5 feet tall and 5 to 6 feet wide with blooms of varying colors.

Hawthorn Trees

Hawthorn tree growth rates also vary by variety of tree and if the trees are given ideal growing conditions. The trees bear clusters of white flowers, usually in spring, and bear fruit that resembles tiny apples in summer, fall and sometimes in winter. The branches are thorny and the trees generally need pruning to thin them and remove excess twiggy growth. Hawthorn trees thrive in well-drained soil with regular moisture in full sun.

Hawthorn Tree Growth

Washington hawthorn (Crataegus phaenopyrum) grows at a medium growth rate, up to 30 feet tall with a 25-foot spread. The tree bears small red fruit through winter and the foliage changes from green to a scarlet or orange in the fall. Washington hawthorn is hardy in USDA zones 4 through 8. Downy hawthorn (Crataegus mollis) is a slow-growing tree that is hardy down to USDA zone 3. The tree grows up to 30 feet tall and 35 feet wide with down-covered, 4-inch toothed leaves and 1-inch red fruits. The leaves change to a bronze color in the fall.


What Are the Health Benefits of Hawthorn Extract?

By Tracey Roizman (DC)

Hawthorn, also known as mayflower, is a member of the rose family, whose flowers, leaves and fruits have been used for food and medicine since the Neolithic period. Ancient Greeks regarded hawthorn as a symbol of hope and fertility and featured the flowers in wedding ceremonies. In modern times, hawthorn is used primarily for its purported heart-healthy benefits.

Antioxidants

Hawthorn contains a number of flavonoid compounds that may be useful for treating and preventing cardiovascular disease, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center. In particular, it boasts high levels of quercetin and oligomeric proanthocyanidins, or OPCs, which neutralize free radicals that can damage cells and promote arterial plaque formation, or atherogenesis. A laboratory animal study published in the March 2011 issue of the "China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica" found that four weeks of hawthorn supplementation caused changes that led the authors to conclude that hawthorn berry "could inhibit" atherogenesis. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results.

Congestive Heart Failure

Hawthorn has been used successfully to treat mild to moderate congestive heart failure in several reliable studies, according to New York University Langone Medical Center. A review of 10 previously published studies that appeared in the January 2008 issue of the "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews" found that hawthorn supplementation in conjunction with conventional treatment decrease oxygen consumption and increased exercise tolerance significantly. Study participants also reported less shortness of breath and fatigue with hawthorn supplementation. Researchers concluded that hawthorn shows potential for considerable benefit in the treatment of chronic heart failure.

Cholesterol

Cholesterol-lowering effects of hawthorn are possible due to the herb's ability to increase the liver's absorption of low-density lipoprotein, or LDL cholesterol, according to R. Watson, co-editor of the book, "Botanical Medicine in Clinical Practice." A laboratory animal study published in the July 2012 issue of the journal, "BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine," found that supplementation with hawthorn leaves and flowers significantly reduced cholesterol levels. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results.

Considerations

Side effects of hawthorn may include skin rash, nausea, headache, heart palpitations and dizziness. High doses may induce low blood pressure or irregular heart beat. Hawthorn can also increase the effectiveness of some heart medications and interfere with others. Consult your doctor before taking hawthorn to treat a health condition. Additionally, while you are taking hawthorn, avoid taking other herbs that affect heart function, such as cola, ginger, mate or shepherd's purse. Pregnant and nursing women, and children under 12 years, should not take hawthorn.


What Is the Benefit of Hawthorn?

By Tracey Roizman(DC)

Hawthorn, a member of the rose family, produces small clusters of red, white or pink flowers that close to form berries, known as haws. Hawthorn berries, leaves and flowers are used in herbal medicine for a variety of purported health benefits. Consult with your doctor before using hawthorn or other herbs to treat a medical condition.

Antioxidants

Hawthorn contains a range of antioxidants that make it especially beneficial for heart health, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center. Oligomeric proanthocyanidins, compounds famously found in grapes, and quercetin, a bioflavonoid, are both found in generous quantities in hawthorn. A tissue culture study published in the January 2009 issue of the "Journal of Chinese Materia Medica" found that hawthorn leaf procyanidins provided significant protective benefit to heart muscle cells that were stressed by low oxygen conditions. Heart muscle cells that received hawthorn showed less lipid oxidation and more antioxidant activity.

Sedative

Sedative effects of hawthorn fruit and seeds were demonstrated in a study on laboratory animals published in the August 2010 issue of the journal "Pharmaceutical Bulletin." In the study, doses between 10 and 1,000 milligrams of hawthorn pulp and seed extracts produced opiate-like calming effects on the central nervous system that decreased anxiety and excess movement and alleviated pain. Researchers concluded that their study may support traditional uses of hawthorn to alleviate stress, sleep disorders and pain. Further studies will be needed to confirm these preliminary results before hawthorn can be recommended for these uses in humans.

Blood Pressure-Lowering

Hawthorn may offer safe, natural blood pressure-lowering benefits for diabetics with high blood pressure, according to a study published in the June 2006 issue of the "British Journal of General Practice." In the study, participants with Type 2 diabetes on blood pressure medication took 1,200 milligrams of hawthorn extract per day for 16 weeks. Results showed that hawthorn reduced diastolic pressure, the lower number of the blood pressure ratio, which signifies the pressure in arteries during the rest phase, while the heart chambers are filling with blood. Hawthorn did not decrease systolic pressure, the upper number of the blood pressure ratio.

Heart Failure

Hawthorn may be helpful in the treatment of heart failure, a condition characterized by weakness and inability of the heart to adequately circulate blood throughout the body. Doses of 900 milligrams per day are, for some people, as effective as conventional medications. A study published in the July 2001 issue of the journal "Phytomedicine" found that hawthorn resulted in an 11 percent increase in exercise tolerance and was safe and well tolerated.


Hawthorn Jelly Recipe

(Eat Weeds)

This is a lovely, simple hawthorn jelly recipe that you can have with cheese or meats. Make it now and you’ll be in time for giving it away as Christmas presents.

If your celebrating is more earth-centric, then you’ll be in time for the return of the sun on December 21st.

Enjoy this autumnal hawthorn jelly recipe.

Step 1

Find a nice Hawthorn bush (Crataegus monogyna) laden with lovely red haws.

Step 2

Pick 1.5lbs of hawthorn berries (haws). This will make 1 jar of hawthorn jelly, so obviously if you need more jars, pick more fruit.

Make sure that you remove the stalks. A good way is to simply roll a clump of berries (stalks and all) in between your hands, and you’ll find the haws just roll off. It’s certainly easier than individually pulling off each stalk.

Step 3

Now wash your haws and then drain.

Step 4

Put the haws into a heavy saucepan, and cover with 1.5 pints of water.

Step 5

Bring to the boil and simmer for 1 hour. Mash the berries with a potato masher every 20 minutes.

Step 6

Now strain the mixture over night using some muslin, or as I did, a jelly bag.

To keep the jelly clear do not squeeze the jelly bag, just let the juice drip. If you’re not bothered whether your hawthorn jelly is clear or not then squeeze away.

Step 7

For every 1 pint of juice measure out 1lb of sugar.

Step 8

Now squeeze the juice of 1 lemon.

Step 9

Mix the sugar and lemon juice into a heavy saucepan along with the hawthorn juice. Bring the mixture to the boil, stirring continuously until the sugar has dissolved.

Now rapid boil for 10 minutes until …

Step 10

… the jelly has reached setting point.

Step 11

Now skim off any foam from the top of the jelly liquid, and pour into sterilised, warm jars and screw on the lids.

Eat at will. There is no need to leave the hawthorn jelly for a month or so.


Medicinal Benefits of Hawthorn (Crataegus)

(Sasha, Vox Nature)

The term Hawthorn refers to an entire genus of trees and shrubs that are members of the rosaceae family. Alternate names for the plant include crataegus, may tree, thorn apple, hawberry, and whitehorn. Native to the northern hemispheres of Europe, North America, and Asia, Hawthorn only grows in temperate regions.

Often recognized by its bright red berries and delicate 5 petaled flowers, the thorns on the Hawthorn are very sharp. The leaves grow in a spiral, and the flowers hang in a graceful drop from medium sized stems.

As a food and shelter source for a number of small mammals and birds, Hawthorn also feeds many moths and butterflies, as well as providing pollen for many pollinators. The haw, or fruit of the Hawthorn is eaten by humans, as well as the leaves and flowers of the tree when young.

Health Benefits of Hawthorn

For at least 2 millennium, the Hawthorn fruit have been used in medicines and concoctions. Since the famed Medieval times, Hawthorn has been associated with positive heart health. The flowers, leaves, and berries of the tree are all employed in holistic and homeopathic remedies.

The hypotensive properties inherent to the tree allow for the human blood vessels to relax or expand. Additional uses for Hawthorn include digestion, insomnia, and cough or sore throat pain.

Using Hawthorn

Hawthorn is generally only taken as a tonic. By brewing the tree’s parts into a tea, or infusing it into a decoction, the important tannins, flavonoids, and purine derivatives retain their healing properties. If the tonic is taken daily, the overall strength of the tonic builds within the body over a period of time.

This means that the benefits of the supplement are not always immediately seen, but after a time they become very apparent. This also means that if a dosage is missed, the important aspects of the Hawthorn plant do not immediately bleed from the human system. Hawthorn can also be bought in capsules, tincture, and dried berries.


Lower your blood pressure in 2013 without prescription drugs

(Vanguard)

ONE of the most telling health hazards among Nigerians in 2012 was chronic high blood. In several cases, it led to heart disease and death. Many may not know it, but this condition can be tackled naturally without drug interventions. Here are four ways to help naturally lower your blood pressure in 2013 and beyond without the need for prescription drugs: Eat lots of garlic and onions Eating lots of garlic and onions can help thwart hypertension, lower circulating cholesterol, and prevent influenza and various other health conditions.

Garlic and onions quell the arterial inflammation that often leads to high cholesterol, as well as prevent the sticking together of blood platelets following high-fat meals that may lead to clotting. Fresh garlic cells contain the amino acid alliin, considered to be the most active garlic constituent. It appears allicin is effective in the treatment of hypertension by causing smooth muscle relaxation in arteries, as well as vasodilation, the widening of those arteries, allowing a freer flow of blood upon demand.

Supplement with hawthorn herb

A member of the rose family, hawthorn (Crataegus species) has an extensive history of use as a natural medicine for prevention and treatment of heart disease. Hawthorn is a heart tonic. Specifically as it relates to blood pressure, both the berries and leaves of the hawthorn plant help not only to protect blood vessels from hardening, but also to dilate blood vessels and improve blood flow. It is a mild coronary vasodilator, increasing the blood supply to the heart muscles and lessening the potential for spasms, angina, and shortness of breath in middle-aged or older individuals.

Root vegetables

A primary cause of high blood pressure is mineral deficiency, which can quite easily be rectified through dietary modifications that incorporate more mineral-rich root vegetables such as sweet potatoes, carrots, and beets could help drastically lower blood pressure. They are typically rich in potassium, a mineral that has been shown to help normalise blood pressure. . Reduce refined sugar, take more magnesium. Excess sugar consumption can lead to insulin resistance, which is directly linked to high blood pressure. Sugar also prevents magnesium from properly nourishing the cells. Cutting out sugar and supplementing with high-quality magnesium citrate, can help restore magnesium reserves and normalise blood sugar levels, which in turn will help balance blood pressure.


Hawthorn plant found to be helpful with some heart ailments: You Docs

By Dr. Michael Roizen (Special to The Plain Dealer)

Does hawthorn lower blood pressure and improve cardiovascular functioning?

Hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha), a flowering shrub, has been used to help heart problems since the first century. And guess what? It works. While the ancient remedy isn't a slam-dunk for congestive heart failure and high blood pressure, there's evidence that it helps.

In lab research, using hawthorn extract after a heart attack helps prevent the kind of damage that leads to congestive heart failure. After many small human studies suggested that hawthorn lowers high blood pressure, a double-blind trial in 2006 found that when diabetics taking prescription medicine for high blood pressure also took hawthorn extract daily, their pressure was even lower.

Hawthorn's lovely pink and white flowers, leaves and berries all contain a host of plant nutrients called flavonoids. These substances increase blood flow, protect blood vessels and, in animal studies, make bad blood fats skedaddle like bad guys in a Western when the new sheriff hits town.

Despite all of this encouraging info, talk to your doctor before taking it. Even though hawthorn extract is widely available without a prescription, it interacts with some prescription drugs, making them dangerously potent.


5 Nutrients That Can Reduce Blood Pressure Naturally

By Sylvia Booth Hubbard (Newsmax Health)

High blood pressure kills. That's a hard fact. High blood pressure, or hypertension, affects about 1 in 3 adults, and, according to the American Heart Association, is listed as a primary or contributing factor in around 350,000 deaths every year.

High blood pressure damages the heart, blood vessels and kidneys, as well as other organs, often with no obvious symptoms. Some risk factors for developing high blood pressure, such as age and family history, can't be altered, but you are in control of other factors, including your weight.

Most doctors use medication to control hypertension, but many patients don't stick to meds because of side effects. Fortunately, there are also all-natural ways to help get your blood pressure under control. Check out these nutrients that can help you bring your pressure levels down naturally and without side effects.

Hawthorn. "Hawthorn is accepted by cardiologists to be as effective as powerful drugs," says Dr. Russell Blaylock, author of The Blaylock Wellness Report. "In addition to lowering blood pressure, hawthorn extract also increases the strength of the heart muscle." A British study found that giving hawthorn to hypertensive diabetic patients lowered their diastolic blood pressure readings significantly.

Hawthorn berries are loaded with flavonoids and are used to treat several cardiovascular conditions, including high blood pressure, chronic heart failure and irregular heartbeat. Some experts recommend a form of hawthorn called Crataegus oxyacantha. The most common dosage used in hawthron studies range from 160 mg to 1800 mg.

Quercetin. Studies of individuals sensitive to salt found that the flavonoid quercetin lowered elevated blood pressure better than a common antihypertensive drug. In a study published in the journal Pharmacological Reports, the authors wrote: "Since raised blood pressure is the major cause of stroke as well as an important risk factor for ischemic heart disease, we propose that the blood pressure-lowering effect of quercetin could be an important mechanism contributing to the reduced risk of myocardial infarction and stroke observed with fruit and vegetables-rich diets, and possibly with flavonoid-rich diets."

A study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that giving healthy men a quercetin supplement of 200 mg a day increased their blood levels of nitric acid, which helps vessels dilate and lower blood pressure.

Melatonin. The "sleep hormone" melatonin may increase the normal drop in blood pressure that occurs during sleep, perhaps protecting the heart from damage. Italian researchers recruited healthy women and also women with high blood pressure. They were divided into two groups, and one group was given melatonin for three weeks while the other group was given a placebo. After three weeks, the two groups switched treatments. The study, which was published in the American Journal of Hypertension, found that blood pressure dropped more at night when the women were taking melatonin, but had no effect on daytime blood pressure.

Celery. According to information published by the National Institutes of Health, celery reduced high blood pressure in more than 87 percent of patients participating in a Chinese study. Patients mixed celery juice with honey and took the mixture three times a day for up to a week. The difference in blood pressure after treatment with celery—both systolic and dystolic—was significant, says the NIH.

Celery contains phthalides, a type of phytochemical that relaxes muscle tissue in arteries, and lowers blood pressure by increasing blood flow. Like some prescription blood pressure drugs, it also increases urine flow. Some experts recommend eating four stalks or one cup chopped celery (about 4 ounces) daily.

Pomegranate juice. Drinking pomegranate juice can significantly lower blood pressure. Researchers at Scotland's Queen Margaret University found that when patients with high blood pressure drank about 16 ounces of pomegranate juice daily for four weeks, 90 percent of them experienced a "significant" drop in blood pressure. Another study found that drinking about eight ounces of juice daily reduced the blood pressure of patients with hardening of the arteries from an average of 174 systolic to an average of 162 mm Hg in only one month. After a year, it had fallen to an average of 152 mm Hg.

And while patients on placebo saw an increase in the thickness of their carotid arteries after a year, those drinking pomegranate juice reduced the thickness of their carotid arteries by 35 percent. (Check with your doctor since pomegranate juice can react with some medications.)


7 Herbs for Asthma

By Jesse Wolf Hardin

Asthma is a condition that troubles many people in this country, but it can often be effectively eased by the use of natural plant medicines. Kiva and I have sought to address the problem both in Plant Healer Magazine, and in a class taught at our annual classes and celebration The Traditions In Western Herbalism Conference by the increasingly popular herbalist teacher Sean Donahue. A detailed essay and notes from that class and many others are available on Amazon in the newly released book Traditions in Western Herbalism, but we also want to share the helpful wisdom with all of you here. Sean tells us:

“From a purely physiological standpoint, asthma is a misfiring of the immune response within the respiratory tract. When the body perceives a threat, the inflammatory aspect of the immune system gears up to heal any potential injuries. In someone with asthma, that aspect of the immune system in the respiratory tract is on a hair trigger alert, and any perceived threat — an infection, an allergen, or emotional stress can kick it into high gear, releasing inflammatory cytokines and histamines at levels far above normal. This in turn causes the mucous membranes to swell up and the smooth muscles of the airway to spasm. Over time this exaggerated immune response can cause damage to bronchial tissue, which in turn exacerbates the response because the body now also has a real set of injuries to respond to.

7 herbs I Use Most Often for Asthma Relief

• Hawthorn: If we look at breath as the thread that connects us to the world, it makes sense that in moments of intense stress, for some people the airways can close, keeping the outside world from entering. In many people with asthma, this pattern gets established early on in response to a specific trauma and then becomes the default mode — because the body views any response to stress as successful if a person survives it. And if the body has learned that closing the airways will allow it to survive, then until it learns another equally successful strategy with regards to br

Photo Gallery of Hawthorn